ISSN: 1449-1907International Journal of Medical Sciences
Global reach, higher impact
Int J Med Sci 2024; 21(6):1016-1026. doi:10.7150/ijms.93334 This issue Cite
Research Paper
Evaluation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)-derived anthraquinone on the induction of apoptosis and suppression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in breast cancer cells
1. Department of Biotechnology, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore 641062, India.
2. Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam 638401, India.
3. Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India.
4. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
5. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru 575018, India.
6. Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
7. Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India.
8. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India.
# These authors (BJ and RT) equally contributed to this work.
Abstract
Introduction: Breast cancer results from tissue degradation caused by environmental and genetic factors that affect cells in the body. Matrix metalloproteinases, such as MMP-2 and MMP-9, are considered potential putative markers for tumor diagnosis in clinical validation due to their easy detection in body fluids. In addition, recent reports have suggested multiple roles for MMPs, rather than simply degeneration of the extracellular matrix, which comprises mobilizing growth factors and processing surface molecules.
Methods: In this study, the chemotherapeutic effects of anthraquinone (AQ) extracted from edible mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. ex Fr.) cells was examined in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The cytotoxic potential and oxidative stress induced by purified anthraquinone were assessed in MCF-7 cells using MTT and ROS estimation assays. Gelatin Zymography, and DNA fragmentation assays were performed to examine MMP expression and apoptotic induction in the MCF-7 cells treated with AQ. The genes crucial for mutations were examined, and the mutated RNA knockout plausibility was analyzed using the CRISPR spcas9 genome editing software.
Results: MCF-7 cells were attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner by the administration of AQ purified from P. ostreatus compared with the standard anticancer drug paclitaxel. AQ supplementation decreased oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment in MCF-7 cells. Treatment with AQ and AQ with paclitaxel consistently decreased the expression of crucial marker genes such as MMP2 and MMP9. The mutated genes MMP2, MMP7, and MMP9 were assessed and observed to reveal four putative gene knockdown potentials for breast cancer treatment.
Conclusions: The synergistic application of AQ and paclitaxel exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Extensive studies are imperative to better understand the action of bioactive mixes on the edible oyster fungus P. ostreatus. The gene knockout potential detected by CRISPR SpCas9 will aid in elite research into anticancer treatments.
Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, Anthraquinone, MCF-7 cells, Matrix metallo-proteinases, CRISPR SpCas9
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